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Wolfram syndrome, which is also known by the acronym DIDMOAD, is an inherited condition characterized by diabetes insipidus (DI), childhood-onset diabetes mellitus (DM), a gradual loss of vision caused by optic atrophy (OA), and deafness (D).[7123] Other symptoms may include bladder and bowel dysfunction, problems with the parts of the inner ear and brain that help control balance and eye movements (vestibular deficits), temperature regulation problems, decreased balance, uncoordinated (ataxic) gait and olfactory deficits. Also, psychiatric symptoms such as anxiety and depression have also been noted in some cases.[7125][14650] There are two types of Wolfram syndrome (type 1 and type 2) which are primarily differentiated by their genetic cause. Type 1 is caused by changes (mutations) in the WFS1 gene, while type 2 is caused by mutations in the CISD2 gene. Both forms are inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.[7125][7969] However, some cases of Wolfram syndrome type 1 have an autosomal dominant inheritance and are more severe.[14648] Diagnosis is suspected in cases of childhood-onset diabetes mellitus and optic atrophy, and this visual impairment is not due to the diabetes.[14649] Treatment is symptomatic and supportive.[7125]
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