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Home / Rare Disease Video Library / Focal Segmental Glomerulosclerosis

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Focal Segmental Glomerulosclerosis - Video


Overview

La glomeruloesclerosis focal y segmentaria (GEFS) es un trastorno renal que ocurre cuando los filtros del riñón, que están formados por grupos de diminutos vasos sanguíneos (capilares) y se conocen como glomérulos renales, se cicatrizan o endurecen (esclerosis).

Los riñones son dos órganos con forma de frijol en el cuerpo, uno a cada lado justo debajo de la caja torácica en la espalda. El riñón cumple múltiples funciones, incluyendo la filtración de productos de desecho y otras sustancias en la sangre, y la producción de orina para eliminar estos desechos del cuerpo.

Cada riñón contiene aproximadamente un millón de glomérulos, que son parte de una estructura más grande llamada nefrona; la nefrona es la unidad básica de los riñones. Los glomérulos ayudan a filtrar los productos de desecho y el exceso de líquidos de la sangre. La cicatrización o el daño a los glomérulos puede provocar la incapacidad de los riñones para procesar los productos de desecho y eliminarlos del cuerpo a través de la orina. En última instancia, estas anormalidades conducen a daño renal progresivo, incluida la disminución de la función y eficiencia de los riñones, y potencialmente insuficiencia renal.

Existen diferentes causas de la GEFS y, en algunos casos, la causa es desconocida. Dependiendo de la causa, la GEFS puede tratarse con ciertos medicamentos, pero a veces, a pesar del tratamiento, las personas afectadas eventualmente requerirán diálisis o un trasplante de riñón.

El término ‘glomeruloesclerosis focal y segmentaria’ se define como cicatrización o endurecimiento (esclerosis) de partes (segmentarias) de solamente algunos glomérulos (alteraciones focales). Estos cambios pueden observarse en tejido renal cuando se estudia bajo el microscopio. Sin embargo, muchas veces la esclerosis progresa y afecta más glomérulos, y el término glomeruloesclerosis focal y segmentaria, técnicamente, deja de ser preciso, porque se torna generalizada.

La GEFS tiene varias causas diferentes y numerosos nombres y terminología, así como diferentes sistemas de clasificación propuestos. Existe desacuerdo en la literatura médica sobre qué sistema de clasificación es más efectivo para agrupar la GEFS. Esto puede ser muy confuso para las personas afectadas y sus cuidadores.

Históricamente, la GEFS se clasificaba en cinco tipos según cómo aparece el daño bajo el microscopio (enfoque morfológico). Estas cinco variantes son: perihiliar, celular, de punta, colapsante y GEFS no especificada. Los expertos ahora recomiendan un enfoque más integral que considera tanto las características clínicas como los hallazgos de la biopsia y clasifica la condición según la causa subyacente. Esta clasificación moderna reconoce cuatro formas principales: GEFS primaria, secundaria, genética e indeterminada. Cada tipo de GEFS tiene causas, cursos clínicos y tratamientos diferentes.

Este enfoque está respaldado por las guías KDIGO de 2021, que reconocen formalmente la GEFS como un grupo de trastornos con diferentes mecanismos fisiopatológicos.

Synonyms

  • GEFS

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