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Home / Rare Disease Video Library / Tay-Sachs Disease

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Tay-Sachs Disease - Video


Overview

La enfermedad de Tay-Sachs es un trastorno neurodegenerativo poco común en el que la deficiencia de una enzima llamada “hexosaminidasa A” resulta en una acumulación de ciertas grasas (lípidos) conocidas como “gangliósidos” en el cerebro y en las células nerviosas. La acumulación anormal de gangliósidos causa una disfunción progresiva del sistema nervioso central.

La enfermedad de Tay-Sachs se clasifica como una enfermedad de almacenamiento lisosomal. Los lisosomas son las principales unidades digestivas de las células. Las enzimas dentro de los lisosomas descomponen o “digieren” los nutrientes, incluidos ciertos carbohidratos complejos y grasas (como los glicoesfingolípidos). Cuando una de estas enzimas lisosomales (como la hexosaminidasa A) falta o es ineficaz, los glicoesfingolípidos comienzan a acumularse en el lisosoma. Si hay demasiada acumulación de estos materiales en el lisosoma, las células del sistema nervioso se degeneran y mueren, y, adicionalmente,  se inflama y se daña el tejido circundante.

Hay 3 formas de la enfermedad de acuerdo con la edad de aparición de los síntomas, que son determinadas por la actividad enzimática residual.

  • La forma más común de la enfermedad de Tay-Sachs es la forma infantil, que se presenta alrededor de los 6 meses de edad con problemas de visión y una respuesta de sobresalto exagerada y que, con el tiempo, empeora hasta llevar a una pérdida gradual de las habilidades adquiridas y convulsiones, con muerte prematura, generalmente por la edad de 5 años.
  • La forma juvenil de la enfermedad comienza aproximadamente a los 5 años.
  • La forma adulta de la enfermedad de Tay-Sachs, también conocida como enfermedad de Tay Sachs de aparición tardía (LOTS), comienza al final de la adolescencia o más tarde.

La enfermedad de Tay-Sachs es causada por cambios (mutaciones o variantes patogénicas) en el gen HEXA. Las tres formas de la enfermedad de Tay-Sachs se heredan de forma autosómica recesiva.

Synonyms

  • Deficiencia de HEXA
  • Deficiencia de hexosaminidasa A
  • TSD
  • Gangliosidosis GM2, tipo 1
  • Deficiencia de la subunidad alfa de hexoaminidasa (variante B)
  • Gangliosidosis GM2 variante B
  • Esfingolipidosis, Tay-Sachs
  • Gangliosidosis-GM2, variante B, B1
  • Enfermedad de Tay-Sachs

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