Última actualización:
April 15, 2020
Años publicados: 1988, 1989, 1990, 2003, 2020
NORD gratefully acknowledges Alice Kwak and Ankur Kumar, NORD Editorial Interns from the University of Notre Dame, Barb Calhoun, MSN, RN, NP, Nurse Practitioner and Outreach Coordinator, Boler-Parseghian Center for Rare and Neglected Diseases at the University of Notre Dame, and Laura Adang MD, PhD, Division of Child Neurology, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, for assistance in the preparation of this report.
Multiple sulfatase deficiency (MSD) is an ultra-rare genetic disorder in which all of the known sulfatase enzymes are unable to be fully activated by formylglycine-generating enzyme (FGE), which is encoded by the SUMF1 gene. Because of the multisystemic importance of sulfatases, this disorder affects many parts of the body. While neurologic impairment is universal, major systemic symptoms can be variable and include bone abnormalities, coarsened facial features, deafness, and an enlarged liver and spleen (hepatosplenomegaly). Because of deficient activation of steroid sulfatase, the skin of children affected by MSD can be usually dry and scaly (ichthyosis).
Classically, the subtypes of MSD are defined by the age at symptom onset: neonatal, severe late infantile, mild infantile, and juvenile. The clinical relevance of these divisions is unknown, as subtle symptoms are present in infancy across all types. Because MSD is the result of a variable degree of deficiency across all human sulfatases, the systemic symptoms can be variable.
METABOLIC
CRANIOFACIAL
Eyes
Ears
Mouth/oral/Jaw
NEUROLOGICAL
CARDIOVASCULAR
RESPIRATORY
DERMATOLOGIC (skin)
GASTROINTESTINAL (GI)/ URINARY
MUSCULOSKELETAL
Multiple sulfatase deficiency is an autosomal recessive disorder caused by a change (mutation) in the SUMF1 gene. This gene allows cells to make an enzyme called FGE (formylglycine-generating enzyme) that activates all sulfatases within the cell. Without activation, sulfatases are not able to do their jobs in the cell. The missing sulfatases are directly responsible for the changes in the body seen in MSD. More severe forms of the disease are associated with SUMF1 mutations that lead to the production of an unstable form of FGE, while the more mild forms are due to mutations that lead to reduced but correctly functioning FGE.
Recessive genetic disorders like multiple sulfatase deficiency occur when an individual inherits the same abnormal gene for the same trait from each parent. If an individual receives one normal gene and one gene for the disease, the person will be a carrier for the disease, but usually will not show symptoms. The risk for two carrier parents have an affected child is 25% with each pregnancy. The risk to have a child who is a carrier like the parents is 50% with each pregnancy. The chance for a child to receive normal genes from both parents and be genetically normal for that particular trait is 25%. The risk is the same for males and females.
All individuals carry 4-5 abnormal genes. Parents who are close relatives (consanguineous) have a higher chance than unrelated parents to both carry the same abnormal gene, which increases the risk to have children with a recessive genetic disorder.
Multiple sulfatase deficiency is an ultra-rare disorder with a wide spectrum of disease. To date, over one hundred patients have been reported in the literature with 50 of those patients confirmed alive by patient organization registries. This number may be underestimated due under diagnosis or lack of reporting. Males and females are equally affected and no ethnic predisposition has been identified.
MSD should be suspected in any individual with developmental delays, coarse facial features, bone abnormalities, and ichthyosis. MSD can be diagnosed when a child has low levels of at least two sulfatases and elevated sulfatide levels. Additional testing, such as glycosaminoglycan levels, can also be supportive, although can be normal in some individuals affected by MSD. Molecular genetic testing for mutations in the SUMF1 gene can be helpful as well, but with the rarity of the disease, only a limited number of disease-causing variants have been fully characterized.
The MRI associated with MSD can be variable and nonspecific. The images can demonstrate demyelination, perivascular space prominence, and/or hydrocephalus.
There are currently no targeted therapies for MSD, and treatment is supportive and based upon symptoms. Care for patients with MSD requires a multidisciplinary team to evaluate the many body systems that may be affected by this disease. Due to the very broad spectrum of clinical problems a comprehensive approach is recommended. Depending on the needs of the child, important members of the team may include neurology and/or metabolism, complex care pediatrics, gastroenterology, nutrition, urology, orthopedics, and physiatry.
The neurologic delay and regression is the most common symptom shared by patients with MSD. Early evaluation and intervention by physical, occupational, and speech therapy can be helpful to manage the symptoms of MSD and maximize mobility and communication.
Information on current clinical trials is posted on the Internet at www.clinicaltrials.gov . All studies receiving U.S. Government funding, and some supported by private industry, are posted on this government web site.
For information about clinical trials being conducted at the NIH Clinical Center in Bethesda, MD, contact the NIH Patient Recruitment Office:
Tollfree: (800) 411-1222
TTY: (866) 411-1010
Email: [email protected]
Some current clinical trials also are posted on the following page on the NORD website:
https://rarediseases.org/living-with-a-rare-disease/find-clinical-trials/
For information about clinical trials sponsored by private sources, contact:
www.centerwatch.com
For information about clinical trials conducted in Europe, contact:
https://clinicltrialsregister.eu/
TEXTBOOKS
Mancini GMS, van Diggelen OP. Multiple Sulfatase Deficiency. In: NORD Guide to Rare Disorders. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Philadelphia, PA. 2003:484.
Hopwood JJ, Ballabio A. Multiple sulfatase deficiency and the nature of the sulfatase family. In: Scriver CR, Beaudet AL, Sly WS, et al. Eds. The Metabolic Molecular Basis of Inherited Disease. 7th ed. McGraw-Hill Companies. New York, NY; 2001:3725-32.
JOURNAL ARTICLES
Rebecca Ahrens-Nicklas, Lars Schlotawa, Andrea Ballabio, et al. Complex care of individuals with multiple sulfatase deficiency: Clinical cases and consensus statement. ,Molecular Genetics and Metabolism. 2018:123:3:337-346
Meshach Paul D, Chadah T, Senthilkumar B, Sethumadhavan R, Rajasekaran R Structural distortions due to missense mutations in human formylglycine generating enzyme leading to multiple sulfatase deficiency. Journal of Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics. 2018;36:13, 3575-3585.
Mancini GM, van Diggelen OP, Huijmans JG, et al. Pitfalls in the diagnosis of multiple sulfatase deficiency. Neuropediatrics. 2001;32:38-40.
Macaulay RJ, Lowry NJ, Casey RE. Pathological findings of multiple sulfatase deficiency reflect the pattern of enzyme deficiencies. Pediatr Neurol. 1998;19:372-76.
Castano Suarez E, Segurado Rodriguez, Guerra Tapia A, et al. Ichthyosis: the skin manifestation of multiple sulfatase deficiency. Pediatr Dermatol. 1997;14:269-72.
Schmidt B, Selmer T, Ingendoh A, et al. A novel amino acid modification in the sulfatases that is defective in multiple sulfatase deficiency. Cell. 1995;82:271-78.
Rommerskirch W, von Figura K. Multiple sulfatase deficiency: catalytically inactive sulfatases are expressed from retrovirally introduced sulfatase cDNAs. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1992;89:2561-65
INTERNET
Multiple sulfatase deficiency. Genetics Home Reference. Reviewed: February 2019. https://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/condition/multiple-sulfatase-deficiency. Accessed Feb 13, 2020.
Schlotawa L, Adang L, De Castro M, et al. Multiple Sulfatase Deficiency. 2019 Mar 21. In: Adam MP, Ardinger HH, Pagon RA, et al., editors. GeneReviews® [Internet]. Seattle (WA): University of Washington, Seattle; 1993-2020. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK538937/ Accessed Feb 13, 2020.
Multiple Sulfatase Deficiency.Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man (OMIM). 07/21/2011. https://www.omim.org/entry/272200. Accessed Feb 13, 2020.
NORD y la Fundación MedicAlert se han asociado en un nuevo programa para brindar protección a pacientes con enfermedades raras en situaciones de emergencia.
Aprende más https://rarediseases.org/patient-assistance-programs/medicalert-assistance-program/Asegurarse de que los pacientes y los cuidadores estén equipados con las herramientas que necesitan para vivir su mejor vida mientras manejan su condición rara es una parte vital de la misión de NORD.
Aprende más https://rarediseases.org/patient-assistance-programs/rare-disease-educational-support/Este programa de asistencia, primero en su tipo, está diseñado para los cuidadores de un niño o adulto diagnosticado con un trastorno raro.
Aprende más https://rarediseases.org/patient-assistance-programs/caregiver-respite/The information provided on this page is for informational purposes only. The National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD) does not endorse the information presented. The content has been gathered in partnership with the MONDO Disease Ontology. Please consult with a healthcare professional for medical advice and treatment.
The Genetic and Rare Diseases Information Center (GARD) has information and resources for patients, caregivers, and families that may be helpful before and after diagnosis of this condition. GARD is a program of the National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences (NCATS), part of the National Institutes of Health (NIH).
View reportOrphanet has a summary about this condition that may include information on the diagnosis, care, and treatment as well as other resources. Some of the information and resources are available in languages other than English. The summary may include medical terms, so we encourage you to share and discuss this information with your doctor. Orphanet is the French National Institute for Health and Medical Research and the Health Programme of the European Union.
View reportOnline Mendelian Inheritance In Man (OMIM) has a summary of published research about this condition and includes references from the medical literature. The summary contains medical and scientific terms, so we encourage you to share and discuss this information with your doctor. OMIM is authored and edited at the McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine.
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