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รltima actualizaciรณn: September 17, 2007
Aรฑos publicados: 1987, 1990, 1996, 1997, 2001, 2003, 2006, 2007
Myotonia congenita is a rare genetic disorder in which an abnormality of voluntary (skeletal) muscle fiber membranes causes an unusually exaggerated response to stimulation (hyperexcitability). As a result, affected individuals have difficulty relaxing certain muscles after contracting them (myotonia), muscle stiffness (rigidity), and associated symptoms. Such symptoms tend to occur when attempting to move certain muscles after rest. In many cases, individuals with myotonia congenita also have abnormal enlargement of the muscles (hypertrophy), resulting in a โherculeanโ or โbody-builder likeโ appearance.
Two main forms of myotonia congenita have been described: Thomsen disease and Becker disease. In individuals with Thomsen disease, symptoms and findings such as myotonia, associated muscle rigidity, and abnormal muscle enlargement may become apparent from infancy to approximately two to three years of age. In many cases, muscles of the eyelids, hands, and legs may be most affected. Thomsen disease is transmitted as an autosomal dominant trait.
In those with Becker disease, symptoms most commonly become apparent between the ages of four and 12 years. As in Thomsen type myotonia congenita, affected individuals develop myotonia, associated muscle rigidity, and abnormal muscle enlargement (hypertrophy). The symptoms tend to remain constant, with little progression. Becker disease is inherited as an autosomal recessive trait.
Myotonia congenita is a disorder of voluntary (skeletal) muscle characterized by an exaggerated response to stimulation of certain muscle fibers (hyperexcitability). As a result, there is painless spasm (tonic spasm) of affected muscle after forceful voluntary contraction, abnormal muscle stiffness, and difficulty relaxing muscle (myotonia). Such symptoms tend to occur when affected individuals attempt to move certain muscles following a period of inactivity or when affected muscles are mechanically stimulated. Characteristic symptoms may include difficulties relaxing hand grip; completely opening the eyes after forcibly closing them (e.g., following crying or sneezing); arising from a chair; starting to walk or run; climbing stairs; and/or arising from bed at night. As noted above, the myotonia is characteristically most pronounced following a period of rest. In addition, it typically improves by gradually increasing the force or intensity of movements through โwarming up.โ Most individuals with myotonia congenita also develop abnormal enlargement of voluntary muscles (hypertrophy), resulting in an athletic appearance.
As noted above, two major forms of myotonia congenita have been described: Thomsen disease (autosomal dominant type) and Becker disease (autosomal recessive type). (For more information on mode of inheritance, please see the โCausesโ section of this report below.)
In Thomsen type myotonia congenita, symptoms may become evident from infancy to approximately two to three years of age and are typically nonprogressive. However, the severity of the myotonia may vary greatly among members of the same family, with males typically more severely affected. According to some reports, exposure to cold temperatures may aggravate symptoms in some cases.
In many individuals with Thomsen disease, muscles of the legs, hands, and/or eyelids are most affected, particularly those of the legs. Characteristic symptoms may include those mentioned above (e.g., difficulties starting to walk or run, arising from a bed or chair, relaxing the hand grip, etc.). In addition, some may experience spasms of other muscles, including certain muscles of the face, trunk, or other regions. For example, involvement of muscles that control movements of the eyeballs (extraocular muscles) may lead to temporary episodes of double vision or abnormal deviation of one eye in relation to the other (strabismus). In addition, in some cases, if myotonia affects muscles of the throat, affected individuals may have difficulties with chewing, swallowing, and/or attempting to talk after a long period of silence.
As mentioned above, individuals with Thomsen disease may develop abnormal enlargement (hypertrophy) of the muscles. Affected individuals typically have normal muscle strength or only minimal muscle weakness.
In individuals with Becker type myotonia congenita, symptoms tend to become apparent between the ages of four to 12 years. However, in some rare cases, onset may occur as late as approximately 18 years of age. Associated symptoms are similar to those of Thomsen disease; however, they tend to progress over many years and to be more severe.
In most cases of Becker disease, the myotonia is initially apparent in muscles of the legs. With disease progression, muscles of the arms, trunk, and face are eventually affected. Enhancement of symptoms by cold exposure appears to be less common than seen with Thomsen disease.
Abnormal muscle enlargement (hypertrophy) is typically present in individuals with Becker disease and may be particularly striking, resulting in an even more pronounced โbody-builder likeโ appearance. In addition, in contrast to Thomsen type myotonia congenita, muscle weakness and muscle wasting (atrophy) may also be present.
According to the medical literature, two sisters with Becker type myotonia congenita demonstrated susceptibility to malignant hyperthermia (MH). MH is a potentially life-threatening condition that may be triggered due to exposure to certain general anesthetics (e.g., halothane) or skeletal muscle relaxants (e.g., succinylcholine) that may be administered during surgical procedures. Such a reaction may be characterized by a dangerous, sudden rise in body temperature (hyperthermia); stiffness of skeletal muscles; low blood pressure (hypotension); an irregular heartbeat (arrhythmias); and/or other complications, requiring immediate emergency intervention. In the two sisters described, exposure to succinylcholine resulted in generalized muscle rigidity without a rise in body temperature. According to researchers, it is unclear whether this was an incidental finding or whether MH or an MH-like condition may be associated with Becker disease in some cases. Therefore, the implications of this finding are not yet fully understood.
Thomsen type myotonia congenita is transmitted as an autosomal dominant trait. Genetic diseases are determined by two genes, one received from the father and one from the mother. Dominant genetic disorders occur when only a single copy of an abnormal gene is necessary for the appearance of the disease. The abnormal gene can be inherited from either parent, or can be the result of a new mutation (gene change) in the affected individual. The risk of passing the abnormal gene from affected parent to offspring is 50% for each pregnancy regardless of the sex of the resulting child.
Becker type myotonia congenita is inherited as an autosomal recessive trait. Recessive genetic disorders occur when an individual inherits the same abnormal gene for the same trait from each parent. If an individual receives one normal gene and one gene for the disease, the person will be a carrier for the disease, but usually will not show symptoms. The risk for two carrier parents to both pass the defective gene and, therefore, have an affected child is 25% with each pregnancy. The risk to have a child who is a carrier like the parents is 50% with each pregnancy. The chance for a child to receive normal genes from both parents and be genetically normal for that particular trait is 25%.
According to reports in the medical literature, parents of several individuals with Becker disease have been closely related by blood (consanguineous). With closely related parents, there may be an increased likelihood that both carry the same recessive disease gene, increasing the risk that their children may inherit the two genes necessary for the development of the disease.
Some cases have also been reported in which myotonia congenita has appeared to occur randomly for unknown reasons (sporadically) in the apparent absence of a family history.
Numerous mutations in the same gene have been identified in individuals with Thomsen and Becker types myotonia congenita. The gene, known as โCLCN1โ, has been mapped to the long arm (q) of chromosome 7 (7q35). (For more on the CLCN1 gene, see below.) Chromosomes are found in the nucleus of all body cells. They carry the genetic characteristics of each individual. Pairs of human chromosomes are numbered from 1 through 22, with an unequal 23rd pair of X and Y chromosomes for males and two X chromosomes for females. Each chromosome has a short arm designated as โpโ and a long arm identified by the letter โqโ. Chromosomes are further subdivided into bands that are numbered. Therefore, โ7q35โ refers to band 35 on the long arm of chromosome 7.
Thomsen and Becker types myotonia congenita are considered โion channel diseasesโ or โchannelopathiesโ, meaning that they result from abnormalities in the flow of certain ions across muscle cell membranes. Ions are particles that carry a positive or negative electrical charge. For example, positively charged ions (cations) include sodium and calcium; ions carrying a negative charge (anions) include chloride and phosphate.
As mentioned above, both Thomsen and Becker types myotonia congenita appear to be linked to โCLCN1โ and therefore are more specifically classified as โchloride channel diseasesโ. CLCN1 is a gene that is responsible for the normal functioning of certain chloride channels in voluntary (skeletal) muscle cell membranes. Ion channels, including chloride channels, are specialized proteins that regulate the flow or exchange of ions across certain cellular membranes. Chloride channels play an important role in regulating the skeletal muscle membranesโ electric response to stimuli (i.e., electric excitability). Researchers suspect that certain mutations of the CLCN1 gene result in reduced numbers or insufficient functioning of chloride channels (i.e., abnormally reduced chloride conductance), causing an impaired ability to maintain normal muscle excitability (electrical instability), associated myotonia, and other findings seen in myotonia congenita. Evidence also suggests that abnormal sodium channel activation may play some role in the hyperexcitability associated with the disease.
Thomsen and Becker types myotonia congenita are thought to affect males and females in relatively equal numbers. Reported cases have included multiple affected members in multigenerational families (kindreds) as well as apparently sporadic cases. The reported incidence of these disorders is between .3 and .6 per 100,000 people in the general population.
Thomsen type myotonia congenita was initially described in 1876 by a Danish physician (Thomsen J). The disease affected the physician himself as well as multiple family members in several generations (approximately 64 family members in seven consecutive generations). The autosomal recessive form, designated Becker type myotonia congenita, was later described by another investigator (Becker PE).
According to reports in the medical literature, Thomsen disease tends to occur over multiple generations, usually without skipping generations. However, some rare exceptions have been noted in which skipped generations have been shown. As mentioned earlier, in individuals with Thomsen disease, the severity of associated symptoms may vary greatly among family members, with males typically more affected than females.
Becker type myotonia congenita has been reported in multiple siblings of unaffected parents. As noted above, in some of these cases, parents of children with Becker disease have been closely related by blood (consanguineous).
Myotonia congenita may be diagnosed from infancy or early childhood to adulthood, based upon a thorough clinical evaluation, a detailed patient and family history, various specialized tests, and genetic analysis, if available.
In patients with myotonia congenita, clinical examination may reveal an inability to quickly release the hand grip, sustained muscle contraction after direct muscle percussion (percussion myotonia), and other characteristic findings. (During direct muscle percussion, the examining physician may lightly tap the contractile part of muscles with a small, hammerlike instrument [percussor].. In addition, specialized testing that records electrical activity in skeletal muscle at rest and during muscle contraction (electromyography [EMG]) typically demonstrates a repetitive discharge of electrical impulses (action potentials) after forceful contraction (myotonic discharges). According to reports in the medical literature, although people who carry one mutated gene for Becker disease typically do not have symptoms (asymptomatic heterozygous carriers), EMG testing may reveal myotonic discharges in some (particularly male) carriers (subclinical myotonia).
In some individuals, recommended diagnostic evaluation may include muscle biopsies. During a muscle biopsy, small samples of muscle tissue are removed and examined microscopically with the use of special stains (histochemistry). However, in those with myotonia congenita, such evaluation typically reveals only minimal abnormal changes (e.g., muscle fiber enlargement in hypertrophied muscle).
In some cases of suspected myotonia congenita, additional diagnostic studies may be recommended to help eliminate other diseases with similar symptoms and to confirm the diagnosis.
In rare cases, it is possible that laboratory studies in which skeletal muscle tissue is exposed to the anesthetic halothane (halothane contracture testing in vitro) may demonstrate findings consistent with a susceptibility to a malignant hyperthermia-like response.
Treatment
The treatment of Thomsen and Becker types myotonia congenita is directed toward the specific symptoms that are apparent in each individual. Such treatment may require the coordinated efforts of a team of medical professionals, such as pediatricians; specialists who diagnose and treat disorders of the skeleton, joints, muscles, and related tissues (orthopedists); physical therapists; and/or other health care professionals.
Specific therapies for the treatment of Thomsen and Becker diseases are symptomatic and supportive. In some cases, certain medications may be prescribed to help diminish muscle stiffness and other symptoms resulting from myotonia. (For more information, see the โInvestigational Therapiesโ section below.) In addition, special exercises may be advised to help alleviate myotonic symptoms, since associated muscle rigidity may improve with proper movement and exercise of involved muscle groups.
As discussed earlier, two sisters with Becker type myotonia congenita demonstrated susceptibility to a malignant hyperthermia-like response. Although the implications of this finding are not fully understood, this potential risk must be taken into consideration by surgeons, anesthesiologists, dentists, and other health care workers when making decisions concerning surgery, the use of particular anesthetics, and the administration of certain medications.
Early intervention is important to ensure that affected children reach their potential. Special services that may be beneficial include special social support, physical therapy, and/or other medical, social, and/or vocational services.
Genetic counseling will be of benefit for affected individuals and their families. Other treatment for this disorder is symptomatic and supportive.
Information on current clinical trials is posted on the Internet at www.clinicaltrials.gov. All studies receiving U.S. government funding, and some supported by private industry, are posted on this government web site.
For information about clinical trials being conducted at the NIH Clinical Center in Bethesda, MD, contact the NIH Patient Recruitment Office:
Tollfree: (800) 411-1222
TTY: (866) 411-1010
Email: [email protected]
For information about clinical trials sponsored by private sources, contact:
www.centerwatch.com.
In some cases, as mentioned above, certain medications may be prescribed to individuals with Thomsen and Becker types myotonia congenita to diminish muscle stiffness and other symptoms resulting from myotonia. According to the medical literature, the most effective medications in such cases are those that help to stabilize the muscle membranes. Medications that have been prescribed to help treat myotonic symptoms have included anticonvulsant medications such as phenytoin, acetazolamide, and carbamazepine; skeletal muscle relaxants such as dantrolene sodium and quinine sulphate; the sodium channel blocking agent mexiletine; and/or, antihistamines such as trimeprazine. Additional studies are needed to determine the long-term safety and effectiveness of such medications in the treatment of myotonia associated with Thomsen and Becker types myotonia congenita.
According to the medical literature, one case of myotonia congenita showed dramatic improvement in response to therapy with carbamazepine. However continued research and clinical study are necessary to determine the long-term safety and effectiveness of carbamazepine as a potential treatment for individuals with myotonia congenita.
A Focused Study of Certain Genetic Diseases: Studies are underway to learn more about certain genetic (neuromuscular and non-neuromuscular) diseases. Blood samples will be used to extract DNA samples for study. The diseases being investigated include: Congenital Muscular Dystrophies (occidental type, Walker-Warburg, Fukuyama); Congenital Muscular Dystrophy, Bonneville-Ullrich Type; S.C.A.R.M.D. (severe childhood autosomal recessive muscular dystrophy); Emery-Dreifuss Muscular Dystrophy; Oculopharyngeal Muscular Dystrophy; Myotubular Myopathy; Centronuclear Myopathy; Multicore Myopathy; Facio-Scapulo-Humeral Myopathy (unlinked to chromosome 4); Congenital Myotonia (Thomsen Disease); Schwartz-Jampel Syndrome; Myositis Ossificans; Charcot Marie Tooth Disease, Type 2; Distal Myopathies; Spastic Paraplegia (Strumpell-Lorrain); Friedreichโs Ataxia; Familial Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathies; Usher Syndrome, Type I; Long QT Syndrome; Lemli-Opitz Syndrome, Type 2; Duane Syndrome; Laforaโs Disease; Juvenile Myoclonic Epilepsia; Holt-Oram Syndrome; Jervell-Lange-Nielsen Disease; Lenz Syndrome; Aicardi-Goutieres Syndrome; Coffin-Lowry Syndrome; Ichthyosis; Spinal Cerebellar Ataxia; Familial Mediterranean Fever; Bardet-Biedl Syndrome; and Blackfan-Diamond Anemia. For more information on these studies, please contact:
Association Francaise Contre Les Myopathies
1 Rue De LโInternationale
BP 59 โ 91002
Evry CEDEX, Nancy
France
Phone: 011 33 88 1 69 47 28 28
Fax: 011 33 88 60 77 12 16
(Please note that some of these organizations may provide information concerning certain conditions potentially associated with this disorder [e.g., myotonia, risk for malignant hyperthermia or an MH-like condition, etc.].)
TEXTBOOKS
Shivakumar S, Cooper EC. Myotonia Congenita. In: NORD Guide to Rare Disorders. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Philadelphia, PA. 2003:632-3.
Rowland LP, ed. Merrittโs Neurology. 10th ed. Philadelphia, Pa: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2000: 749-54.
Behrman RE, et al., eds. Nelson Textbook of Pediatrics. 16th ed. Philadelphia, Pa: W.B. Saunders Company; 2000:1879-80.
Adams RD, et al., eds. Principles of Neurology. 6th ed. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.; 1997:1476-82.
Menkes JH. Textbook of Child Neurology. 5th ed.: Williams & Wilkins; 1995:836-38.
Buyse ML. Birth Defects Encyclopedia. Dover, Mass: Blackwell Scientific Publications, Inc; 1990:1205-06.
Stein JH, et al., eds. Internal Medicine. 2nd ed.: Little, Brown and Company; 1987:1111.
JOURNAL ARTICLES
Savitha MR, et al. Myotonia congenita โ a successful response to carbamazepine. Indian J Pediatr. 2006;73:431-3.
Kuo HC, et al., Novel mutations at carboxyl terminus of CIC-1 channel in myotonia congenita. Acta Neurol Scand. 2006;113:342-6.
Sasaki R, et al. A novel CLCN1 mutation: P480T in a Japanese family with Thomsenโs myotonia congenita. Muscle Nerve. 2001;24:357-63.
Links TP, et al. Muscle weakness or rigidity due to hereditary ion channel diseases. Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd. 2001;145:249-51.
Waldegger S, et al. From tonus to tonicity: physiology of CLC chloride channels. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2000;11:1331-39.
Zhang J, et al. Functional consequences of chloride channel gene (CLCN1) mutations causing myotonia congenita. Neurology. 2000;54:937-42.
Sasaki R, et al. Novel chloride channel gene mutations in two unrelated Japanese families with Beckerโs autosomal recessive generalized myotonia. Neuromuscul Disord. 1999;9:587-92.
Esteban J, et al. Identification of two mutations and a polymorphism in the chloride channel CLCN-1 in patients with Beckerโs generalized myotonia. Neurogenetics. 1998;1:185-88.
Mailander V, et al. Novel muscle chloride channel mutations and their effects on heterozygous carriers. Am J Hum Genet. 1996;58:317-24.
Baumann P, et al. Myotonia congenita: quantitation of different aspects of motor performance. Eur Neurol. 1995;35:206-11.
Steinmeyer K, et al. Multimeric structure of CIC-1 chloride channel revealed by mutations in dominant myotonia congenita (Thomsen). EMBO J. 1994;13:737-43.
George AL, et al. Molecular basis of Thomsenโs disease (autosomal dominant myotonia congenita). Nat Genet. 1993;3:305-10.
Koch MC, et al. Evidence for genetic homogeneity in autosomal recessive generalised myotonia (Becker). J Med Genet. 1993;30:914-17.
Fahlke C, et al. Chloride channels with reduced single-channel conductance in recessive myotonia congenita. Neuron. 1993;10:225-32.
Kuhn E. Myotonia congenital (Thomsen) and recessive generalized myotonia (Becker). Nervenarzt. 1993;64:766-69.
Abdalla JA, et al. Linkage of Thomsen disease to the T-cell-receptor beta (TCRB) locus on chromosome 7q35. Am J Hum Genet. 1992;51:579-84.
Abdalla JA, et al. Linkage analysis of candidate loci in autosomal dominant myotonia congenita. Neurology. 1992;42:1561-64.
Koch MC, et al. The skeletal muscle chloride channel in dominant and recessive human myotonia. Science. 1992;257:797-800.
Ceccarelli M, et al. Clinical and electrophysiological reports in a case of early onset myotonia congenita (Thomsenโs disease) successfully treated with mexiletine. Acta Paediatr. 1992;81:453-55.
Miller RG, et al. Case-of-the-month: autosomal recessive myotonia congenita: marked muscle weakness in a 16-year-old boy. Muscle Nerve. 1992;15:111-13.
Iaizzo PA, et al. Altered sodium channel behaviour causes myotonia in dominantly inherited myotonia congenita. Neuromuscul Disord. 1991;1:47-53.
Pusponegoro HD, et al. Myotonia congenita (Thomsenโs disease) report of five cases in a family. Paediatr Indones. 1991;31:170-78.
Gutmann L, et al. Myotonia congenita. Semin Neurol. 1991;11:244-48.
Hughes EF, et al. Response to treatment with antihistamines in a family with myotonia congenita. Lancet. 1991;337:28-30.
Ohtaki E, et al. Successful dantrolene sodium treatment of a patient with myotonia congenita (Thomsenโs disease). Acta Paediatr Jpn. 1991;33:668-71.
FROM THE INTERNET
Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man (OMIM). Victor A. McKusick, Editor; Johns Hopkins University, Last Edit Date 6/29/01, Entry Number 160800; Last Edit Date 2/12/01, Entry Number 255700; Last Entry Date 8/6/01, Entry Number 118425; Last Edit Date 6/29/01, Entry Number 600332; Last Edit Date 7/7/99, Entry Number 168300; Last Entry Date 2/12/01, Entry Number 170500.
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