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Last updated: September 14, 2016
Years published: 1994, 2003, 2016
NORD gratefully acknowledges Sarwat Salim, MD, FACS, Professor of Ophthalmology, Chief, Glaucoma Service, Medical College of Wisconsin, for assistance in the preparation of this report.
Essential iris atrophy is a very rare, progressive disorder of the eye characterized by a pupil that is out of place and/or distorted areas of degeneration on the iris (atrophy), and/or holes in the iris. This disorder most frequently affects only one eye (unilateral) and develops slowly over time. Attachment of portions of the iris to the cornea (peripheral anterior synechiae) and subsequent closure of the drainage angle may lead to secondary glaucoma and vision loss.
Essential iris atrophy is one of three iridocorneal endothelial (ICE) syndromes, each of which usually affects one eye of young to middle-aged men and women. The ICE syndromes (essential iris atrophy, Chandler syndrome, and Cogan-Reese syndrome) are distinct from one another. However, these disorders all affect the eyeand some of their symptoms overlap, making it difficult to distinguish between them. (For more information about Chandlerโs syndrome, and Cogan-Reese syndrome, see the Related Disorders section of this report.)
Major symptoms of essential iris atrophy may include a displaced and/or distorted pupil, patchy areas of degeneration (atrophy) on the iris, and/or holes in the iris. The edge of the pupil may turn outward (ectropion uveae). The onset of this disorder is gradual, and the changes in the shape and placement of the pupil are usually noticed before any change in vision occurs. Degeneration and holes in the iris may develop over a period of several years.
Other features of essential iris atrophy may include the attachment of portions of the iris to the cornea (peripheral anterior synechiae), swelling of the cornea (corneal edema), and/or abnormalities in the cells lining the cornea (corneal endothelium). These changes may lead to increased pressure in the eye (glaucoma) and vision loss.
The cause of essential iris atrophy or any other of the iridocorneal endothelial syndromes is not known. They are thought to be the result of the same mechanism. The primary defect is believed to be a cellular membrane secreted by the abnormal endothelial cells. This membrane covers the iris and the drainage angle of the eye. The contraction of this membrane leads to pupillary changes and formation of peripheral anterior synechiae with resultant angle closure glaucoma.
Other researchers suspect that inflammation or chronic infection may be the cause of the disease.
There is a hypothesis that ICE syndromes stem from an in-vitro herpes infection localized in the endothelial layer. According to this theory, one eye is infected first and the second eye develops immunity before it can be affected.
Essential iris atrophy is a very rare disorder that predominantly affects females in the middle adult years. The prevalence is not known.
Symptoms of the following disorders can be similar to those of essential iris atrophy. Comparisons may be useful for a differential diagnosis:
Chandlerโs syndrome (CS) is a rare eye disorder in which the endothelium, the single layer of cells lining the inner surface of the cornea, proliferates causing corneal edema, distortion of the iris, and unusually high pressure in the eye (glaucoma). CS is one of three syndromes affecting the eyes (progressive iris atrophy and Cogan-Reese syndrome are the other two) that make up the iridocorneal endothelial syndrome (ICE syndrome). The spectrum is an acquired, unilateral disorder, which typically occurs in early to middle adulthood and predominantly affects women. Chandlerโs syndrome is the most commonly encountered clinical variant of this spectrum. (For more information on this disorder, choose โChandlerโsโ as your search term in the Rare Disease Database.)
Cogan-Reese syndrome is an extremely rare disorder characterized by loss of iris tissue and the development of small wart-like growths on the iris. Increased pressure within the eye (glaucoma) and corneal swelling (edema) are also evident. This disorder differs from Cogan corneal dystrophy which is inherited as an autosomal dominant disorder. The displacement and/or distortion of the pupil characteristic of essential iris atrophy does not occur in Cogan corneal dystrophy. (For more information on this disorder, choose โCogan Reeseโ as your search term in the Rare Disease Database.)
Axenfeldโs anomaly is characterized by attachment of portions of the iris to the cornea (peripheral anterior synechiae). Axenfeldโs anomaly is considered to be an inherited, developmental defect, while the iridocorneal syndromes (Cogan-Reese syndrome, Chandlerโs syndrome, and essential iris atrophy) are thought to be acquired disorders. There is some confusion in the medical literature as to whether Axenfeldโs and Riegerโs anomalies are separate disorders or whether they occur together in what is called the Axenfeld-Rieger (A-R) syndrome. Of note, A-R syndrome is a bilateral condition, whereas ICE syndrome is usually unilateral.
Riegerโs anomaly is characterized by attachment of portions of the iris to the cornea, a distorted pupil, clouding of the edges of the cornea (peripheral corneal opacification), displacement of iris tissue (hypoplasia), and/or secondary glaucoma. When Riegerโs anomaly occurs in association with dental abnormalities (i.e., a decrease in the number of teeth, small teeth, or anodontia) and facial malformations (i.e., displacement of the jaw, flattening of the midface, a receding upper lip and prominent lower lip) it is referred to as Riegerโs syndrome. Rieger anomaly is considered to be an inherited, developmental defect.
Secondary Glaucoma and Treatment:
In general, glaucoma is one of the leading causes of blindness in the world. Glaucoma is characterized by increased pressure within the eye. If left untreated, the increased pressure affects the optic nerve, resulting in eventual blindness.. The etiology of glaucoma in unclear and remains an active area of research. The American Academy of Ophthalmology recommends a complete eye exam by the age of 40 or earlier for those at increased risk. Important elements of the examination include visual acuity test, tonometry to measure intraocular pressure, gonioscopy to assess if the drainage angle is open or closed, slit lamp examination to assess the anterior segment of the eye, use of special lenses to examine the optic nerve and posterior segment of the eye, and visual field test to assess the loss of peripheral or central vision.
Glaucoma may occur as a secondary disorder to essential iris atrophy. The mechanism of glaucoma in ICE syndrome (all three variants) is believed to be related to a cellular membrane secreted by the abnormal endothelial cells. This membrane covers the trabecular meshwork of the drainage angle, thereby obstructing aqueous outflow facility and elevating intraocular pressure. In the early stages, the angle may appear open clinically although it is covered by this transparent membrane. Over time, contraction of this membrane leads to peripheral anterior synechiae and secondary angle closure glaucoma.
Treatment of essential iris atrophy usually involves the use of drops in the eyes to control the glaucoma and swelling (edema). Mild cases or corneal edema are often managed with soft contact lenses and hypertonic saline solutions. In advanced cases penetrating or endothelial keratoplasty may be required, although the failure rate is high with need for repeat corneal grafts. In some individuals, the corneal edema may be improved with reduction in intraocular pressure. Medical therapy for glaucoma is usually initiated with aqueous suppressants, including beta blockers, alpha-2 agonists and carbonic anhydrase inhibitors. Prostaglandin analogues may be helpful in some cases. Surgical intervention for glaucoma is eventually required in a high percentage of patients with ICE syndrome. The most commonly performed procedure is trabeculectomy, with variable success rates. Glaucoma drainage devices have shown favorable outcomes in a small number of patients, but further studies are warranted to validate these results in a large series. Laser surgery is rarely effective.
Information on current clinical trials is posted on the Internet at www.clinicaltrials.gov . All studies receiving U.S. government funding, and some supported by private industry, are posted on this government web site.
For information about clinical trials being conducted at the NIH Clinical Center in Bethesda, MD, contact the NIH Patient Recruitment Office:
Tollfree: (800) 411-1222
TTY: (866) 411-1010
Email: [email protected]
For information about clinical trials sponsored by private sources, contact:
www.centerwatch.com
For information about clinical trials conducted in Europe, contact:
https://www.clinicaltrialsregister.eu/
TEXTBOOKS
Kanski JJ. Ed. Clinical Ophthalmology. 4th ed. Butterworth-Heinemann. Oxford, UK; 1999:232-34.
Newell FW. Ed. Ophthalmology: Principles and Concepts. 7th ed. Mosby Year Book, St. Louis, MO; 1991:275-76.
JOURNAL ARTICLES
Lakosha HM, Pavlin CJ, Simpson ER. Essential Iris atrophy mimicking iris neoplasm: an ultrasound biomicroscopic study. Can J Ophthalmol. 2000;35:390-93.
Howell DN, Damms T, Burchette JL Jr, et al. Endothelial metaplasia in the iridocorneal endothelial syndrome. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1997;38:1896-901.
Huna R, Barak A, Melamed S. Bilateral iridocorneal endothelial syndrome presented as Cogan-Reese and Chandlerโs syndrome. J Glaucoma;1996;5:60-62.
DeBroff BM, Thoft RA. Surgical Results of penetrating keratoplasty in essential iris atrophy. J Refract Corneal Surg. 1994;10:428-32.
Alvarado JA, Murphy CG, Juster RP, et al. Pathogenesis of Chandlerโs syndrome, essential iris atrophy and the Cogan-Reese syndrome. II. Estimated age at disease onset. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1986;27:873-82.
Alvarado JA, Murphy CG, Maglio M, et al. Pathogenesis of Chandlerโs syndrome, essential iris atrophy and the Cogan-Reese syndrome. I. Alterations of the corneal endothelium. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1986;27:853-72.
INTERNET
Iridocorneal endothelial syndrome. Genetic and Rare Diseases Information Center (GARD). Last Update 12/1/2015. https://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/gard/60/ice-syndrome/Resources/1. Accessed July 6, 2016.
Facts About the Cornea and Corneal Disease. National Eye Institute (NEI). Last Update: May 2013. Available at: https://www.nei.nih.gov/health/cornealdisease/#g Accessed July 6, 2016.
Essential iris atrophy. Orphanet. Last Update February 2012. https://www.orpha.net/consor/cgi-bin/Disease_Search.php?lng=EN&data_id=13998&Disease_Disease_Search_diseaseGroup=Essential-iris-atrophy&Disease_Disease_Search_diseaseType=Pat&Disease(s)/group%20of%20diseases=Essential-iris-atrophy&title=Essential-iris-atrophy&search=Disease_Search_Simple. Accessed July 6, 2016.
Devine N. ed. ICE Syndrome Chat Highlights. โICE Syndromeโ July 23, 2003. Available at: https://willsglaucoma.org/ice-syndrome-2 Accessed July 6, 2016.
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Learn more https://rarediseases.org/patient-assistance-programs/caregiver-respite/The information provided on this page is for informational purposes only. The National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD) does not endorse the information presented. The content has been gathered in partnership with the MONDO Disease Ontology. Please consult with a healthcare professional for medical advice and treatment.
The Genetic and Rare Diseases Information Center (GARD) has information and resources for patients, caregivers, and families that may be helpful before and after diagnosis of this condition. GARD is a program of the National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences (NCATS), part of the National Institutes of Health (NIH).
View reportOrphanet has a summary about this condition that may include information on the diagnosis, care, and treatment as well as other resources. Some of the information and resources are available in languages other than English. The summary may include medical terms, so we encourage you to share and discuss this information with your doctor. Orphanet is the French National Institute for Health and Medical Research and the Health Programme of the European Union.
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