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Last updated: 8/1/2024
Years published: 1988, 1988, 1990, 1996, 1997, 1998, 2000, 2002, 2007, 2008, 2012, 2015, 2018, 2023, 2024
NORD gratefully acknowledges Gioconda Alyea, MD (FMG), MS, National Organization for Rare Disorders and John M. Graham, Jr., MD, ScD, Pediatric Consultant in Clinical Genetics and Dysmorphology, Department of Pediatrics, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center and Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, for assistance in the preparation of this report.
CHARGE syndrome is a rare genetic disorder characterized by a specific combination of signs and symptoms described by its acronym CHARGE:
We have learned more about the possible signs and symptoms that can occur with this syndrome after the discovery that variants and deletions in the CHD7 gene cause CHARGE syndrome. Some researchers may refer to CHARGE syndrome as a “CHD7-related disorder.”
There is significant variability among affected individuals, even among those in the same family and among different families with the same disease-causing variant in CHD7 gene.
There are features in CHARGE syndrome, referred to as major characteristics, that are rarely seen in other conditions. These features include coloboma, cranial nerve anomalies, choanal atresia and typical CHARGE ear anomalies.
Major Characteristics:
Minor Characteristics:
Less Common Features:
The cause of CHARGE syndrome is usually a new variant (change) in the CHD7 gene, or rarely, genomic alterations in the region of chromosome 8 (8q12.2) where the CHD7 gene is located. CHD7 function is required for the development of the retina and cranial motor neurons, as well as for the ear development. Over 70%-90 % of typical CHARGE syndrome patients have variants in the CHD7 gene.
Most cases of CHARGE syndrome occur sporadically, often in association with older paternal age. In rare cases, CHARGE syndrome has run in families, either two affected children or a parent and child affected. This could be due to a parent with some cells with a CHD7 variant (mosaicism) who is mildly affected or not affected at all.
CHARGE syndrome is a rare disorder, affecting 1:10,000-15,000 live births. It affects males and females in equal numbers and has been seen in all races and on every continent. There are far more people with CHARGE syndrome than those described in the medical literature. Many patients are misdiagnosed or undiagnosed, especially in children with fewer medical problems. Although many features of CHARGE syndrome are apparent at birth, some features will not become apparent for weeks, months or perhaps years later. The recurrence risk of CHARGE syndrome for parents with one affected child is low, around 2-3 percent. The recurrence risk for an adult with CHARGE syndrome to have an affected child may be as high as 50 percent.
CHARGE syndrome affects multiple organ systems, resulting in multiple problems apparent at birth. Other characteristics of CHARGE syndrome may not become apparent until later in life.
The diagnosis of CHARGE syndrome should be made by a medical geneticist based on the presence of at least one major criterion and several minor and/or occasional criteria of CHARGE syndrome (see below).
Major Diagnostic Criteria (The 4 C’s)
Features seen commonly in CHARGE syndrome that are rarely seen in other conditions include coloboma, cranial nerve abnormalities, choanal atresia and typical CHARGE ear.
Minor Diagnostic Criteria
Features less specific to CHARGE syndrome and/or not consistent enough to be considered major: heart defects, genital abnormalities, kidney abnormalities, cleft lip or palate, TE fistula or esophageal atresia, poor growth, hypotonia, typical CHARGE face and typical CHARGE hand.
Occasional features are the other signs and symptoms that can be present in CHARGE syndrome but that are not very helpful for the diagnosis because they can be present in many other disorders.
A medical geneticist or other specialist familiar with CHARGE syndrome should do a complete physical exam and order tests to look for the major and minor features of CHARGE syndrome listed above.
Diagnosis can be confirmed by molecular genetic testing identifying the variants in the CHD7 gene associated with the condition. If no disease-causing variants are found, a SNP chromosomal microarray should be done, because in a few patients, there has been a submicroscopic change in the chromosome 8q12.2 region.
If both these tests are normal, whole genome or exome sequencing should be done, since other genetic disorders share some clinical features with CHARGE syndrome, and new variants in the ZEB2, KMT2D and EFTUD2 genes have been found in children previously diagnosed as having CHARGE syndrome.
Treatment
Children with CHARGE syndrome have many problems, but they can survive and become healthy, happy citizens. Many of the structural abnormalities (choanal atresia, heart defects, cleft lip, etc.) can be surgically corrected. Others, such as feeding problems and speech and language deficits may require years of therapy and other interventions. Infants diagnosed with CHARGE syndrome will need to be followed by several medical and developmental specialists, depending on their individual needs. Some of the medical specialists who often follow children with CHARGE syndrome include genetics, cardiology, audiology and ENT, ophthalmology, urology and endocrinology. A team approach is essential for these complex children.
Surgery cannot correct ocular colobomas. Near-sightedness or far-sightedness can be helped with glasses. Sunglasses and a hat with a protective bill can help photophobia. Part-time patching with refractive correction via glasses is an effective treatment for lazy eye (amblyopia).
More than 50% of children with CHARGE syndrome experience sleep disturbances, and obstructive sleep apnea appears to be common in children with CHARGE syndrome. The usual treatments for obstructive sleep apnea reduce symptoms. Botulinum toxin A (Botox) has been used to reduce excess salivary secretions in a ventilator-dependent infant with CHARGE syndrome who would have required a tracheotomy. Venous anomalies of the temporal bone were present in 10 of 18 (56%) patients with CHARGE syndrome. Recognition of these abnormal venous structures is critical to avoiding potentially catastrophic bleeding.
Because of the implications of cochlear nerve deficiency in decision-making about cochlear implantation, MRI evaluation of the eighth nerve should be considered in CHARGE syndrome patients with profound sensorineural hearing loss. In patients with markedly abnormal middle ear anatomy, CT image guided surgery is helpful. These children can be offered both sign language and verbal language early in life, to ensure best language outcomes. Children with CHARGE syndrome and progressive profound hearing loss have done well with cochlear implants and continued to use verbal language. Larger diameter of the cochleovestibular nerve on imaging and absence of severe intellectual disability were factors related to better outcomes after cochlear implantation, rather than the type of CHD7 variant. Auditory brainstem implantation may be a viable option in patients with CHARGE syndrome who have not benefited from cochlear implantation.
Other medical professionals involved in the treatment of children with CHARGE include deaf/blind specialists, occupational therapists, physical therapists and speech therapists. Appropriate therapies and educational interventions must take into account any hearing and vision loss that the child has. The intelligence of children with CHARGE syndrome is often underestimated due to the combined hearing and vision problems. A deaf/blind specialist (not just a vision specialist and a hearing specialist) is critical for any child with both vision loss and some hearing loss.
Genetic counseling is recommended for affected individuals and their families. Other treatment is symptomatic and supportive.
Information on current clinical trials is posted on the Internet at www.clinicaltrials.gov. All studies receiving U.S. government funding, and some supported by private industry, are posted on this government web site.
For information about clinical trials being conducted at the NIH Clinical Center in Bethesda, MD, contact the NIH Patient Recruitment Office:
Tollfree: (800) 411-1222
TTY: (866) 411-1010
Email: [email protected]
For information about clinical trials sponsored by private sources, contact:
www.centerwatch.com
Please note that some of these organizations may provide information concerning certain conditions potentially associated with this disorder (e.g., visual handicaps, heart disease, short stature, etc.)
JOURNAL ARTICLES
Gao J, Skidmore JM, Cimerman J, Ritter KE, Qiu J, Wilson LMQ, Raphael Y, Kwan KY, Martin DM. CHD7 and SOX2 act in a common gene regulatory network during mammalian semicircular canal and cochlear development. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2024 Mar 5;121(10):e2311720121. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38408234/
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Badalato L, Farhan SM, Dilliott AA, et al. KMT2D p.Gln3575His segregating in a family with autosomal dominant choanal atresia strengthens the Kabuki/CHARGE connection. Am J Med Genet A. 2017 Jan;173(1):183-189.
Balasubramanian R, Choi JH, Francescatto L, et al. Functionally compromised CHD7 alleles in patients with isolated GnRH deficiency. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2014;111:17953-17958.
Balasubramanian R, Crowley WF Jr. Reproductive endocrine phenotypes relating to CHD7 mutations in humans. Am J Med Genet C Semin Med Genet. 2017 Dec;175(4):507-515.
Basson MA, van Ravenswaaij-Arts C. Functional insights into chromatin remodelling from studies on CHARGE syndrome. Trends Genet. 2015;31:600-611.
Bergman JE, Janssen N, van der Sloot AM, et al. A novel classification system to predict the pathogenic effects of CHD7 missense variants in CHARGE syndrome. Hum Mutat. 2012;33:1251-1260.
Bergman JE, de Ronde W, Jongmans MC, et al. The results of CHD7 analysis in clinically well-characterized patients with Kallmann syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2012;97:E858-862.
Bilan F, Legendre M, Charraud V, et al. Complete screening of 50 patients with CHARGE syndrome for anomalies in the CHD7 gene using a denaturing high-performance liquid chromatography-based protocol: new guidelines and a proposal for routine diagnosis. J Mol Diagn. 2012;14:46-55.
Birman CS, Brew JA, Gibson WP, Elliott EJ. CHARGE syndrome and Cochlear implantation: difficulties and outcomes in the paediatric population. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 2015;79:487-492.
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Blake K, Davenport SH, Hall BD,et al. CHARGE Association – An update and review for the primary pediatrician. Clinical Pediatrics. 1998;37:159-174.
Blustajn J, Kirsch CFE, Panigrahy A, Netchine I. Olfactory anomalies in CHARGE syndrome: imaging findings of a potential major diagnostic criterion. Am J Neuroradiol. 2008;29:1266-1269.
Blake KD, MacCuspie J, Corsten G. Botulinum toxin injections into salivary glands to decrease oral secretions in CHARGE syndrome: prospective case study. Am J Med Genet A. 2012;158A:828-831.
Butcher DT, Cytrynbaum C, Turinsky AL, et al. CHARGE and Kabuki Syndromes: Gene-Specific DNA Methylation Signatures Identify Epigenetic Mechanisms Linking These Clinically Overlapping Conditions. Am J Hum Genet. 2017 May 4;100(5):773-788.
Cardoso CC, Sales de Meneses M, Silva IM, Alves AM. Cochlear Implants in Children Diagnosed with CHARGE Syndrome. Int Arch Otorhinolaryngol. 2013;17:424-428.
Corsten-Janssen N, du Marchie Sarvaas GJ, Kerstjens-Frederikse WS, et al. CHD7 mutations are not a major cause of atrioventricular septal and conotruncal heart defects. Am J Med Genet A. 2014;164A:3003-3009.
Corsten-Janssen N, Kerstjens-Frederikse WS, du Marchie Sarvaas GJ, et al. The cardiac phenotype in patients with a CHD7 mutation. Circ Cardiovasc Genet. 2013;6:248-254.
Corsten-Janssen N, Scambler PJ. Clinical and molecular effects of CHD7 in the heart. Am J Med Genet C Semin Med Genet. 2017 Dec;175(4):487-495.
Corsten-Janssen N, Saitta SC, Hoefsloot LH, et al. More clinical overlap between 22q11.2 deletion syndrome and CHARGE syndrome than often anticipated. Mol Syndromol. 2013;4:235-245.
Corsten-Janssen N, van Ravenswaaij-Arts CMA, Kapusta L. Congenital arch vessel anomalies in CHARGE syndrome: A frequent feature with risk for co-morbidity. Int J Cardiol Heart Vasc. 2016 May 25;12:21-25.
de Geus CM, Free RH, Verbist BM, et al. Guidelines in CHARGE syndrome and the missing link: Cranial imaging. Am J Med Genet C Semin Med Genet. 2017 Dec;175(4):450-464.
Delahaye A, Sznajer Y, Lyonnet S, et al. Familial CHARGE syndrome because of CHD7 mutation: clinical intra- and interfamily variability. 2007;72:112-121.
Dörr HG, Boguszewski M, Dahlgren J, et al. Short children with CHARGE syndrome: Do they benefit from growth hormone therapy? Horm Res Paediatr. 2015;84:49-53.
Dörr HG, Madeja J, Junghans C. Spontaneous postnatal growth is reduced in children with CHARGE syndrome. Acta Paediatr. 2015;104:e314-318.
Esposito A, Tufano M, Di Donato I, et al. Effect of long-term GH treatment in a patient with CHARGE association. Ital J Pediatr. 2014;40:51.
Friedmann DR, Amoils M, Germiller JA, et al. Venous malformations of the temporal bone are a common feature in CHARGE syndrome. Laryngoscope. 2012;122:895-900.
Graham, JM Jr, Rosner B, Dykens E, Visootsak J. Behavioral features of CHARGE syndrome (Hall-Hittner syndrome): comparison with Down syndrome, Prader-Willi syndrome and Williams syndrome. American Journal of Medical Genetics. 2005;133A: 240-247.
Graham JM Jr. A recognizable syndrome within CHARGE association: Hall-Hittner syndrome. Am J Med Genet. 2005;99:120-123.
Gregory LC, Gevers EF, Baker J, et al. Structural pituitary abnormalities associated with CHARGE syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2013;98:E737-743.
Green GE, Huq FS, Emery SB, et al. CHD7 mutations and CHARGE syndrome in semicircular canal dysplasia. Otol Neurotol. 2014;35:1466-1470.
Ha J, Ong F, Wood B, Vijayasekaran S. Radiologic and Audiologic Findings in the Temporal Bone of Patients with CHARGE Syndrome. Ochsner J. 2016 Summer;16(2):125-129.
Hale CL, Niederriter AN, Green GE, Martin DM. Atypical phenotypes associated with pathogenic CHD7 variants and a proposal for broadening CHARGE syndrome clinical diagnostic criteria. Am J Med Genet A. 2016 Feb;170A(2):344-354.
Hall BD. Choanal atresia and associated multiple anomalies. J Pediatr. 1979;95:395-398.
Hartshorne N, Hudson A, MacCuspie J, et al. Quality of life in adolescents and adults with CHARGE syndrome. Am J Med Genet A. 2016 Aug;170(8):2012-2021.
Hartshorne TS, Stratton KK, Brown D, et al. Behavior in CHARGE syndrome. Am J Med Genet C Semin Med Genet. 2017 Dec;175(4):431-438.
Hefner MA, Fassi E. Genetic counseling in CHARGE syndrome: Diagnostic evaluation through follow up. Am J Med Genet C Semin Med Genet. 2017 Dec;175(4):407-416.
Hittner HM, Hirsch NJ, Kreh GM, Rudolph AJ. Colobomatous microphthalmia, heart disease, hearing loss, and mental retardation: a syndrome. J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus. 1979;16:122-128.
Hoch MJ, Patel SH, Jethanamest D, et al. Head and Neck MRI Findings in CHARGE Syndrome. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2017 Dec;38(12):2357-2363.
Holcomb MA, Rumboldt Z, White DR. Cochlear nerve deficiency in children with CHARGE syndrome. Laryngoscope. 2013;123:793-796.
Hsu P, Ma A, Barnes EH, et al. The Immune Phenotype of Patients with CHARGE Syndrome. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract. 2016 Jan-Feb;4(1):96-103.e2.
Hsu P, Ma A, Wilson M, et al. CHARGE syndrome: a review. J Paediatr Child Health. 2014 Jul;50(7):504-511.
Huang X, Guo H, Chen W, et al. Analysis of the CHD7 mutations in patients of congenital heart disease with extracardiac malformations. Transl Pediatr 2023;12(6):1148-1160.
Hudson A, Macdonald M, Friedman JN, Blake K. CHARGE syndrome gastrointestinal involvement: from mouth to anus. Clin Genet. 2017 Jul;92(1):10-17.
Hughes SS, Welsh HI, Safina NP, et al. Family history and clefting as major criteria for CHARGE syndrome. Am J Med Genet A. 2014;164A:48-53.
Hurd EA, Adams ME, Layman WS, et al. Mature middle and inner ears express Chd7 and exhibit distinctive pathologies in a mouse model of CHARGE syndrome. Hear Res. 2011;282:184-195.
Husu E, Hove HD, Farholt S, et al. Phenotype in 18 Danish subjects with genetically verified CHARGE syndrome. Clin Genet. 2013;83:125-134.
Inchingolo F, Pacifici A, Gargari M, et al. CHARGE syndrome: an overview on dental and maxillofacial features. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci. 2014;18:2089-2093.
Isaac KV, Ganske IM, Rottgers SA, et al. Cleft Lip and Palate in CHARGE Syndrome: Phenotypic Features That Influence Management. Cleft Palate Craniofac J. 2018 Mar;55(3):342-347.
Issekutz KA, Graham JM Jr., Prasad C, et al. The incidence and prevalence of CHARGE association/syndrome in Canada: initial results from a population-based study. American Journal of Medical Genetics. 2005;133A:309-317.
Janssen N, Bergman JE, Swertz MA, et al. Mutation update on the CHD7 gene involved in CHARGE syndrome. Hum Mutat. 2012;33:1149-1160.
Jongmans MC, Admiraal RJ, van der Donk KP, et al. CHARGE syndrome: The phenotypic spectrum of mutations in the CHD7 gene. J Med Genet. 2006;43:306-314.
Jongmans MCJ, Hoefsloot LH, van der Donk KP et al. Familial CHARGE syndrome and the CHD7 gene: A recurrent missense mutation, intrafamilial recurrence and variability. Am J Med Genet Part A. 2008;146A:43-50.
Jyonouchi S, McDonald-McGinn D, Bale S, Zachai E, Sullivan KE: CHARGE (coloboma, heart defect, atresia choanae,retarded growth and development, genital hypoplasia, ear anomslies/deafness) syndrome and chromosome 22q11.2 deletion syndrome: a comparison of immunologic and nonimmunologic phenotypic features. Pediatrics. 2009;123:e871-e877.
Komatsuzaki KM, Shimomura S, Tomishima Y, et al. Progressing subglottic and tracheobronchial stenosis in a patient with CHARGE syndrome diagnosed in adulthood. Respir Med Case Rep. 2014;12:24-26.
Kong F, Martin DM. Atopic disorders in CHARGE syndrome: A retrospective study and literature review. Eur J Med Genet. 2018 Apr;61(4):225-229.
Lalani SR, Safiullah AA, Fernbach SD, et al. Spectrum of CHD7 mutations in 110 individuals with CHARGE syndrome and genotype-phenotype correlation. American Journal of Human Genetics. 2006;78:303-314.
Layman WS, Hurd EA, Martin DM.Reproductive dysfunction and decreased GnRH neurogenesis in a mouse model of CHARGE syndrome. Hum Mol Genet. 2011;20:3138-3150.
Lehalle D, Gordon CT, Oufadem M, et al. Delineation of EFTUD2 haploinsufficiency-related phenotypes through a series of 36 patients. Hum Mutat. 2014;35:478-485.
Lasserre E, Vaivre-Douret L, Abadie V. Psychomotor and cognitive impairments of children with CHARGE syndrome: common and variable features. Child Neuropsychol. 2013;19:449-465.
Legendre M, Abadie V, Attié-Bitach T, et al. Phenotype and genotype analysis of a French cohort of 119 patients with CHARGE syndrome. Am J Med Genet C Semin Med Genet. 2017 Dec;175(4):417-430.
Macdonald M, Hudson A, Bladon A, et al. Experiences in feeding and gastrointestinal dysfunction in children with CHARGE syndrome. Am J Med Genet A. 2017 Nov;173(11):2947-2953.
Mahdi ES, Whitehead MT. Clival Malformations in CHARGE Syndrome. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2018 Jun;39(6):1153-1156.
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Nishina S, Kosaki R, Yagihashi T, et al. Ophthalmic features of CHARGE syndrome with CHD7 mutations. Am J Med Genet A. 2012;158A:514-518.
Nomakuchi, TT., Danowitz, M.,Stewart, B., et al. Expanding the reproductive organ phenotype of CHD7-spectrum disorder. Am J of Med Genet A, 2023;191A:1418–1424.
Ogier JM, Carpinelli MR, Arhatari BD, et al. CHD7 deficiency in “Looper”, a new mouse model of CHARGE syndrome, results in ossicle malformation, otosclerosis and hearing impairment. PLoS One. 2014;9:e97559.
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INTERNET
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Learn more https://rarediseases.org/patient-assistance-programs/rare-disease-educational-support/This first-of-its-kind assistance program is designed for caregivers of a child or adult diagnosed with a rare disorder.
Learn more https://rarediseases.org/patient-assistance-programs/caregiver-respite/The information provided on this page is for informational purposes only. The National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD) does not endorse the information presented. The content has been gathered in partnership with the MONDO Disease Ontology. Please consult with a healthcare professional for medical advice and treatment.
The Genetic and Rare Diseases Information Center (GARD) has information and resources for patients, caregivers, and families that may be helpful before and after diagnosis of this condition. GARD is a program of the National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences (NCATS), part of the National Institutes of Health (NIH).
View reportOrphanet has a summary about this condition that may include information on the diagnosis, care, and treatment as well as other resources. Some of the information and resources are available in languages other than English. The summary may include medical terms, so we encourage you to share and discuss this information with your doctor. Orphanet is the French National Institute for Health and Medical Research and the Health Programme of the European Union.
View reportOnline Mendelian Inheritance In Man (OMIM) has a summary of published research about this condition and includes references from the medical literature. The summary contains medical and scientific terms, so we encourage you to share and discuss this information with your doctor. OMIM is authored and edited at the McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine.
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