• Disease Overview
  • Synonyms
  • Signs & Symptoms
  • Causes
  • Affected Populations
  • Diagnosis
  • Standard Therapies
  • Clinical Trials and Studies
  • References
  • Programs & Resources
  • Complete Report

Cervical Dystonia

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Last updated: July 19, 2019
Years published: 1986, 1987, 1990, 1991, 1993, 1996, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2007, 2010, 2013, 2016, 2019


Acknowledgment

NORD gratefully acknowledges Cynthia L. Comella, MD, FAAN, Professor, Rush University Medical Center, Department of Neurological Sciences, for assistance in the preparation of this report.


Disease Overview

Cervical dystonia, also known as spasmodic torticollis, is a rare neurological disorder that originates in the brain. It is the most common form of focal dystonia in an office setting. Cervical dystonia is characterized by involuntary muscle contractions in the neck that cause abnormal movements and postures of the neck and head. In some cases, these abnormal contractions may be sustained or continuous; in others, they may be present as spasms that can resemble tremor. The severity of cervical dystonia can vary, but the disorder can cause significant pain and discomfort as well as difficulty due to the abnormal postures. It can affect quality of life and activities of daily living including employment. Cervical dystonia typically begins in middle age, and rarely begins in adolescence and young adulthood. The cause of cervical dystonia is unknown, although a genetic susceptibility is thought to underlie some cases. If cervical dystonia begins in infancy or early childhood, secondary causes should be investigated.

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Synonyms

  • focal dystoniaidiopathic cervical dystonia
  • isolated (formally primary) cervical dystonia
  • spasmodic torticollis
  • spasmodic wryneck
  • torticollis
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Signs & Symptoms

The symptoms of cervical dystonia may begin slowly and can involve any of the muscles of the neck. The head posture in cervical dystonia can vary. The most common abnormal posture associated with cervical dystonia is the twisting of the chin toward a shoulder so that the head rotates sideways (torticollis). Other abnormal postures associated with cervical dystonia including anterocollis, in which the head tips forward; retrocollis, in which the head is tilted backward; or laterocollis, in which the head tilts toward one side. There can also be shifting of the head on the shoulders in a forward (anterior sagittal shift) or backward (posterior sagittal shift) direction. Often cervical dystonia is complex and combines several angles of head movement. In some people with isolated CD, there may also be a postural tremor of the hands. Symptoms of cervical dystonia vary over the course of the disorder. Studies of the natural history of CD are needed to better understand the natural history of this disorder. Symptoms may temporarily worsen with stress or excitement. The dystonia can be activated by certain postures or positions. This varies in individual patients. Symptoms may improve with the performance of sensory tricks, such as touching the cheek or the back of the head. A small percentage of individuals experience a spontaneous recovery (remission) after symptom onset. This remission is often temporary, lasting days to years, with recurrence of symptoms. It is likely that less than 1 percent of affected individuals have permanent remissions.

There can be secondary problems arising from cervical dystonia that include cervical spine arthritis, compression of nerve roots, and sometimes narrowing of the spinal cord in the neck (cervical stenosis). Pain related directly to cervical dystonia typically is on the same side as the head turn and is felt as muscular pain in the area of the overactive muscles. Pain can potentially become severe and disabling.

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Causes

Cervical dystonia is classified as an isolated dystonia if there are no other associated abnormal findings, such as spasticity, Parkinsonism or ataxia. Most isolated cervical dystonia had no identifiable underlying causes. However, in some cases, cervical dystonia can arise from another underlying cause and be considered secondary (occurring as consequence of another disorder or condition). In most cases, isolated cervical dystonia is idiopathic although a genetic susceptibility may be present as evidenced by a positive family history in approximately 10-25% of cases. Cervical dystonia is associated with changes (mutations) in several genes (GNAL, THAP1, CIZ1, ANO3 genes) and several possible environmental factors. However, at this time there is no gene test that is recommended for clinical purposes in people with cervical dystonia. Some cases of cervical dystonia may have an identifiable cause (secondary cervical dystonia). In these cases, cervical dystonia may develop due to the use of certain drugs such as anti-psychotics or certain nausea medications with dopamine receptor blocking activity. In most secondary cases, such as those due to toxins or degenerative brain diseases, there are additional signs and symptoms other than cervical dystonia. Whether trauma to the neck could cause cervical dystonia remains controversial. Cervical dystonia is a neurological disorder. However, there are some non-neurological conditions that may mimic cervical dystonia. In children with slippage of the vertebrae in the neck (atlanto-axial subluxation), there may be a twisting of the head that is very painful and requires specialized orthopedic treatments. Some infants are born with a shortening of one of the muscles in the neck (congenital infantile torticollis) that causes a head turn. In some children with esophageal reflux, there can also be posturing of the head. There are additional conditions, including functional movement disorders that may appear similar to cervical dystonia but are non-neurologic in origin.

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Affected populations

Cervical dystonia affects women approximately twice as often as men. It is the most common form of focal dystonia in an office setting. Cervical dystonia may affect individuals of any age, but typically develops in people between 40 and 60 years of age. Cervical dystonia affects people of all ethnic backgrounds. The exact incidence or prevalence of cervical dystonia in the general population is unknown but is estimated to be about 60,000 people in the United States.

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Diagnosis

A diagnosis of cervical dystonia is based upon clinical examination, a detailed patient history, and knowledge of the disorder. No specific laboratory or imaging test confirms a diagnosis of cervical dystonia. There are no abnormalities in laboratory or imaging tests. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the brain is normal, and MRI of the neck does not help with the diagnosis unless compression of the spinal cord is suspected. Electromyography is not indicated unless there are additional signs of nerve irritation.

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Standard Therapies

Treatment
Not every treatment option for cervical dystonia is successful for all affected individuals. Therefore, no single strategy is appropriate for every case. Most therapies are symptomatic and are intended to relieve spasms, pain and disturbed postures or functions. Identifying the treatment regimen that is most effective in individual cases may require patience and perseverance on the part of the patient and physician.

There are essentially three treatment options: botulinum toxin injections, oral medications, and, in some cases, surgery. These treatments may be used alone or in combination. In addition, physical therapy may provide a helpful complement to medical treatment. In some cases, if there is a trick such as touching the chin, a soft cervical collar may be beneficial.

Botulinum toxin injections are the treatment of choice for focal dystonia, which is the neck and head in cervical dystonia. Botulinum toxin is a neurotoxin that is injected into the dystonic neck muscles in small doses. Botulinum toxin works by preventing the nerve from releasing a messenger, called acetylcholine, that tells the muscle to contract. This causes weakness of the muscle. The effect of botulinum toxin on the muscle begins approximately 2-3 days following injection, peaks at around 4 weeks, and provides relief for approximately 2-6 months. Botulinum toxin treatment is not a cure, but rather a symptom treatment. When the effect of botulinum toxin wears off, the symptoms of cervical dystonia recur and another injection is needed to sustain benefit. In order for botulinum toxin injections to be successful, it is critical that the injecting physician be well-versed in cervical dystonia, the functional anatomy of the neck muscles, and the type and doses of botulinum toxin to use.

There are now four brands of Botulinum toxin that have been approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for the treatment of individuals with cervical dystonia. There are three brands of botulinum toxin serotype A, including onabotulinumtoxinA (BOTOX, Allergan Inc.) abobotulinumtoxinA (Dysport, Tercica Inc) and incobotulinumtoxinA (Xeomin, Merz Pharmaceuticals). There is one formulation of botulinum toxin type B called rimabotulinumtoxinB (Myobloc, Solstice, US World Meds). These brands are not interchangeable, and each should be administered as a unique drug. At this time, there is no clinical data that supports the use of one over the other. The most frequent side effects from the injection are swallowing difficulties, pain and sometimes neck weakness. These side effects are usually mild and transient, lasting a few weeks. The FDA has a “black box” warning concerning the use of any of these toxins that indicates that the toxin can spread from the injection site. However, with the doses used for cervical dystonia the clinical effects of spread of toxin are uncommon if administered by an experienced physician.

Currently, there are no oral medications that are FDA approved for use in dystonia. Among the oral medications used, dopaminergic agents (levodopa), anticholinergic agents (benztropine, trihexyphenidyl), baclofen and clonazepam are the most frequently used. These drugs are usually most effective in children with generalized dystonia. In adults, the side effects of these agents, including memory problems and sedation, often occur before an effective dose can be reached. Surgical treatments for cervical dystonia are of two types. One is selective peripheral denervation in which the nerves to the dystonic muscles are cut. Although this has been reported to be effective, this approach is limited by the ability to access the nerve involved, the need for considerable expertise of the surgeon, and the potential for side effects. Side effects from the surgery are not uncommon and following surgery, there is a long period of rehabilitation.

Deep brain stimulation surgery (DBS) is effective for cervical dystonia and may be appropriate for patients who lose their response to botulinum toxin, or have a form of cervical dystonia that is difficult to treat with the injections, in particular anterocollis. DBS involves the placement of electrodes (thin wires) into the area of the brain called the globus pallidus on both sides. The electrodes are connected to stimulators which send small electrical pulses to the brain. Although the precise mechanism is not clear, the electrical impulses seem to “reset” the brain and improve the dystonic movements. After the DBS is placed, the stimulators are programmed for the optimal outcome.

Recently clinical studies have focused on new oral therapies, newer formulations of botulinum toxin and optimization of DBS methodology.

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Clinical Trials and Studies

Information on current clinical trials is posted on the Internet at www.clinicaltrials.gov. All studies receiving U.S. government funding, and some supported by private industry, are posted on this government web site.

For information about clinical trials being conducted at the NIH Clinical Center in Bethesda, MD, contact the NIH Patient Recruitment Office:

Toll-free: (800) 411-1222
TTY: (866) 411-1010
Email: prpl@cc.nih.gov

Some current clinical trials also are posted on the following page on the NORD website:
https://rarediseases.org/living-with-a-rare-disease/find-clinical-trials/

For information about clinical trials sponsored by private sources, in the main, contact:
www.centerwatch.com

For more information about clinical trials conducted in Europe, contact:
https://www.clinicaltrialsregister.eu/

Contact for additional information about cervical dystonia:

Cynthia L. Comella, MD, FAAN
Professor
Rush University Medical Center
Department of Neurological Sciences
1725 West Harrison St.
Suite 755
Chicago, Illinois 60612
Phone: 312-563-2900
Fax: 312-563-2024

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References

TEXTBOOKS
Comella CL. Cervical Dystonia. In: Clinical Diagnosis and Management of Dystonia, Warner TT, Bressman SB, editors. 2007 Informa UK, Ltd, London. pp. 73-80.

DeLong MR. Cervical Dystonia (Spasmodic Torticollis). NORD Guide to Rare Disorders. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Philadelphia, PA. 2003:611.

JOURNAL ARTICLES
Bledsoe IO, Comella CL. Botulinum Toxin Treatment of Cervical Dystonia. Semin Neurol. 2016 Feb;36(1):47-53. doi: 10.1055/s-0035-1571210. Epub 2016 Feb 11.

Fox MD, Alterman RL Brain Stimulation for Torsion Dystonia. JAMA Neurol. 2015 Jun;72(6):713-9. doi: 10.1001/jamaneurol.2015.51

Defazio G, Jankovic J, Giel JL, Papapetropoulos S. Descriptive epidemiology of cervical dystonia. Tremor Other Hyperkinet Mov (N Y). 2013 Nov 4;3. pii: tre-03-193-4374-2.

Stacy M. Epidemiology, clinical presentation, and diagnosis of cervical dystonia. Neurol Clin. 2008; 26 Suppl 1:23-42.

Albanese A, Barnes MP, Bhatia KP, et al. A systemic review on the diagnosis and treatment of primary (idiopathic) dystonia and dystonia plus syndromes: report on EFNS/MDS-ES Task Force. Eur J Neurol. 2006;13:433-444.

Tarsy D, et al., Painful cervical dystonia: clinical features and response to treatment with botulinum toxin. Mov Disord. 1999;14:1043-5.

Jankovic J, Leder S, Warner D, Schwartz K. Cervical dystonia: clinical findings and associated movement disorders.Neurology. 1991 Jul;41(7):1088-91

INTERNET
Kruer, MC. Torticollis. Medscape. Updated: Oct 22, 2018. Available at: https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1152543-overview Accessed May 1, 2019.

National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke. Dystonias Fact Sheet. Updated 2018-07-06.. Available at: https://www.ninds.nih.gov/Disorders/Patient-Caregiver-Education/Fact-Sheets/Dystonias-Fact-Sheet Accessed May 1, 2019.

Mayo Clinic for Medical Education and Research. Cervical Dystonia. Updated Nov. 17, 2017. Available at: https://www.mayoclinic.com/health/spasmodic-torticollis/DS00836 Accessed May 1, 2019.

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